Semiconductor Basics
Kakaretso
Theknoloji ea morao-rao e khoneha ka lebaka la sehlopha sa thepa e bitsoang semiconductors. Likarolo tsohle tse sebetsang, lipotoloho tse kopantsoeng, microchips, transistors, hammoho le lisele tse ngata li hahiloe ka lisebelisoa tsa semiconductor. Le hoja silicon e le semiconductor e sebelisoang ka ho fetisisa le e tummeng ka ho fetisisa e sebelisitsoeng ka elektronike, li-semiconductors tse ngata li sebelisoa ho akarelletsa Germanium, Gallium Arsenide, Silicon Carbide, hammoho le li-semiconductors tse phelang. Boitsebiso bo bong le bo bong bo tlisa menyetla e itseng tafoleng e kang tekanyo ea litšenyehelo kapa litšenyehelo, ho sebetsa ka lebelo le phahameng, mocheso o phahameng, kapa ho arabela pontšo.
Semiconductors
Se etsang hore semiconductors e be le thuso ke bokhoni ba ho laola thepa ea bona ea motlakase le boitšoaro nakong ea mokhoa oa ho etsa. Lintho tse etsoang ka li-semiconductor li laoloa ka ho eketsa litšila tse nyane ho semiconductor ka mokhoa o bitsoang doping, ka litšila tse fapaneng le lihlahisoa tse hlahisang liphello tse fapaneng. Ka ho laola doping, tsela eo motlakase o tsamaeang ka eona ka semiconductor e ka laoloa.
Ka mokhanni o tloaelehileng, joaloka koporo, li-elektronike li na le hona joale 'me li sebetsa joaloka mojaki oa likoloto. Ka li-semiconductors ka bobeli li-electrone le 'masoba,' ho se be le elektronike, li sebetsa joaloka bajari ba thepa. Ka ho laola doping ea semiconductor, conductivity, mme mofani oa thepa e ka lefelloang e ka ba electron kapa lesoba le thehiloeng.
Ho na le mefuta e 'meli ea doping, mofuta oa N, le mofuta oa P. Li-dopants tsa mofuta oa N, hangata phosphorus kapa arsenic, li na le li-elektronike tse hlano, tseo ha li kenngoa ho semiconductor li fana ka elektronike e eketsehileng ea mahala. Kaha li-electrone li na le litefello tse sa nepahaleng, doped lintho tse joalo ka tsela ena li bitsoa N-mofuta. Li-dopants tsa mofuta oa P, tse kang boron le gallium, li na le li-electrone tse tharo feela tse etsang hore ho se be le elektronike kristeng ea semiconductor, ka tsela e atlehang ho etsa lesoba kapa tefiso e ntle, ka hona lebitso la P-type. Dopants tse peli tsa mofuta oa N le tsa P, esita le ka boholo ba metsotso, li tla etsa hore semiconductor e be mokhanni ea hlomphehang. Leha ho le joalo, li-semiconductors tsa mofuta oa N le mofuta oa P ha li ikhethang ka bobona, e le ho ba baetapele ba lokileng feela. Leha ho le joalo, ha u li kopanya, u etsa khetho ea PN, u fumana mekhoa e fapaneng haholo le e sebetsang haholo.
PN Junction Diode
Phapang ea PN, ho fapana le boitsebiso bo bong le bo bong, ha e sebetse joaloka mokhanni. Ho e-na le ho lumella hona joale hore e phalle boemong leha e le bofe, khetho ea PN e lumella hona joale ho phalla ka tsela e le 'ngoe, ho theha diode ea motheo. Ho sebelisa voltage ho phunyeletsa PN ka lehlakoreng le leng (pele ho khetholla) ho thusa metlakone sebakeng sa mofuta oa N ho kopanya le likoti sebakeng sa P-type. Ho leka ho fokotsa ho phalla hona joale (likhetho tse sa fetoheng) ho pholletsa le diode ho qobella li-elektronike le likoti tse thibelang hona joale hore li se ke tsa phalla. Ho kopanya likarolo tsa PN ka litsela tse ling ho bula mamati ho lisebelisoa tse ling tsa semiconductor, tse kang transistor.
Transistors
Motsoako oa motheo o entsoe ka ho kopana ha lihlopha tse tharo tsa mofuta oa N le oa P ho fapana le tse peli tse sebelisitsoeng ka diode. Ho kopanya lisebelisoa tsena ho hlahisa NPN le PNP transistors tse tsejoang e le bipolar junction transistors kapa BJTs. Setsi, kapa setsi, sebaka sa BJT se lumella transistor hore e sebetse e le sephahla kapa amplifier.
Le hoja NPN le PNP transistors li ka shebahala joaloka diode tse peli tse khutliselitsoeng morao, tse neng li tla thibela tsohle tsa hona joale hore li se ke tsa phalla ka tsela efe kapa efe. Ha sethaleng sa setsi se ntse se tsoela pele se lekaneng e le hore hona joale e nyenyane e phalle ho pota-poti, e leng thepa ea diode e entsoeng ka phapanyetsano ea bohareng e le ho lumella ho feta ho feta hona joale hore e phalle hohle hohle. Boitšoaro bona bo fa transistor bokhoni ba ho matlafatsa maqhubu a mabeli le ho fetoha kapa ho tima mohloli oa hona joale.
Mefuta e fapa-fapaneng ea li-transistor le lisebelisoa tse ling tsa semiconductor li ka etsoa ka ho kopanya likarolo tsa PN ka litsela tse sa tšoaneng, ho tloha liphuthehong tse tsoetseng pele, tse khethehileng tse sebetsang ho li-diode tse laoloang. Lintlha tse latelang ke tse 'maloa feela tsa likarolo tse entsoeng ka ho kopanya ka hloko makhetho a PN.
- DIAC
- Lebala la laser
- Mofuta o khanyang o khanyang (LED)
- Zener diode
- Darlington transistor
- Phallo ea tšimo ea tšimo, ho akarelletsa le MOSFET
- IGBT transistor
- Silicon e laoloang ho hloekisa (SCR)
- Potoloho e kopanetsoeng (IC)
- Microprocessor
- Memory Memory - RAM le ROM
Sensors
Ho phaella ho taolo ea hona joale eo semiconductors e lumellang ho eona, li boetse li na le thepa e etsang bakeng sa lisebelisoa tse sebetsang. Li ka etsoa ho ela hloko liphetoho mocheso, khatello le khanya. Phetoho ea ho hanyetsa ke mofuta o tloaelehileng oa karabelo bakeng sa sensor ea semiti ea conductor. Mefuta e fokolang ea lisele tse entsoeng ke mohloli oa thepa ea semiconductor li thathamisitsoe ka tlase.
- Mocheso oa motlakase oa matla (magnetic field sensor)
- Mochine oa motlakase (mocheso oa mocheso o tsitsitseng)
- CCD / CMOS (setšoantšo sa mochine)
- Photodiode (sesebelisoa se khanyang)
- Photoresistor (mocheso o khanyang)
- Li-piezoresistive (khatello / khatello ea lisele)