Ho bokella likaroloana tsa khokahano ea khomphutha ka boeona ha hoa lekana ho etsa hore lisebelisoa tse sebetsanang le tsona li hloka mokhoa oa puisano. Lipuo tsena tsa puisano li bitsoa mekhoa ea inthanete .
Morero oa Melao-motheo ea Inthanete
Ntle le liprotheke, lisebelisoa li ne li ke ke tsa khona ho utloisisa lipontšo tsa elektronike tseo li romellanang ho tsona ka marang-rang. Litsamaiso tsa marang-rang li sebetsa mesebetsing ena ea mantlha:
- boitsebiso ba aterese ho moeletsi ea nepahetseng (s)
- fetisetsa data ho tloha mohloling o eang ho ea teng, ka tšireletso ea tšireletso ha ho hlokahala
- amohela melaetsa mme o romelle likarabo ka mokhoa o nepahetseng
Ak'u nahane ka papiso pakeng tsa melaetsa ea marang-rang le kamoo tšebeletso ea poso e sebetsang kateng ka poso ea pampiri ea 'mele. Feela joalokaha tšebeletso ea poso e tsamaisa mangolo a tsoang mehloling e mengata le libakeng tse ling, kahoo ho etsa li-network protocol ho boloka boitsebiso bo phalla litseleng tse ngata tsoelo-pele. Ho fapana le poso ea 'mele, leha ho le joalo, melaetsa ea marang-rang e boetse e fana ka bokhoni bo tsoetseng pele ba ho fana ka melaetsa e sa khaotseng ea molaetsa o eang sebakeng se le seng ( ho phallela ho phallela ) le ho etsa likopi tsa molaetsa le ho o fetisetsa libakeng tse ngata ka nako e le' ngoe (e bitsoang ho phatlalatsa ).
Mefuta e tloaelehileng ea Melao-motheo ea Inthanete
Ha ho na protocol e teng e tšehetsang likarolo tsohle tsa mofuta oa mefuta eohle ea khokahano ea inthanete . Mefuta e mengata e sa tšoaneng ea melaetsa ea marang-rang e qapiloe ho feta lilemo, e mong le e mong a leka ho tšehetsa mefuta e itseng ea puisano. Litšobotsi tse tharo tsa motheo tse khethollang mofuta o mong oa protocol ho tsoa ho tse ling ke tsena:
1. simplex vs. duplex . Inthanete e bonolo e lumella mochine o le mong feela hore o fetise marang-rang. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, marang-rang a marang-rang a marang-rang a lumella lisebelisoa hore li fetise le ho amohela data ka har'a sekahare se tšoanang.
2. tšebelisano-khokahanyo kapa ho se lumellane . Lenane la likamano tsa marang-rang a marang-rang (mokhoa o bitsoang letsoho la letsoho ) boitsebiso bo pakeng tsa lisebelisoa tse peli tse ba nolofalletsang ho tsoela pele moqoqo (o bitsoang seboka ). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, mekhoa e mengata ea ho itšunya-tšunya e fana ka melaetsa ka bomong ho tloha ntlheng e 'ngoe ho ea ho e' ngoe ho sa tsotellehe melaetsa efe kapa efe e rometsoeng pele kapa ka morao (le ntle le ho tseba hore na melaetsa e amoheloa ka katleho)
3. lera . Hangata mekhoa ea metsoalle e sebetsana hammoho ka lihlopha (tse bitsoang li- stacks hobane lipapali hangata li bontša li-protocols joaloka mabokose a koahetsoeng ka holimo). Melao-motheo e meng e sebetsa likarolong tse tlase tse amanang haufi le hore na mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea mohala oa mohala kapa oa marang-rang e sebetsa joang. Ba bang ba sebetsa likarolong tse phahameng tse amanang le kamoo lik'hamphani tsa marang-rang li sebetsang kateng, 'me tse ling li sebetsa likarolong tse ka hare.
Internet Protocol Family
Melao e tloaelehileng ka ho fetisisa ea marang-rang e sebelisoang ke sechaba ke ea lelapa la Internet Protocol (IP) . IP ke eona eona ts'ebetso ea motheo e thusang malapa le marang-rang a mangata ho pholletsa le Inthanete ho buisana.
IP e sebetsa hantle bakeng sa ho falla melaetsa ka bomong ho tloha ho netweke e 'ngoe ho ea ho e' ngoe empa ha e tšehetse mohopolo oa puisano (ho hokahanya ha molaetsa oa melaetsa o ka tsamaeang ka tsela e le 'ngoe kapa ka bobeli). Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) e fetisa IP le bokhoni bona bo phahameng, mme ka lebaka la hore li-link-point-li-link li bohlokoa haholo Inthaneteng, mekhatlo ena e 'meli e lula e kopane hammoho le tsejoang e le TCP / IP.
TCP le IP li sebetsa ka bobeli boemong ba bohareng ba palo ea protocol ea marang-rang. Mekhoa e tloaelehileng Inthaneteng ka nako e 'ngoe e sebelisitse mekhoa ea bona ea lipapatso holimo ho TCP / IP. HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) e sebelisoa ke liwebsaete le li-server lefatšeng. TCP / IP, le eona, e na le theknoloji e phahameng ea marang-rang a marang-rang joaloka Ethernet . Melao e meng e tloaelehileng ea marang-rang ea lelapa la IP e kenyelletsa ARP , ICMP , le FTP .
How Network Protocols Sebelisa Liphutheloana
Inthanete le marang-rang a mangata a data a sebetsa ka ho hlophisa data ka likotoana tse bitsoang liphutheloana . Ho ntlafatsa tshebetso ea puisano le botšepehi, molaetsa o mong le o mong o moholo o rometsoeng pakeng tsa lisebelisoa tse peli tsa marang-rang o atisa ho aroloa lipakeng tse nyane ka hardware le software. Likhokahanyo tsena tsa ho fetola liphutheloana li hloka hore lipakete li hlophisoe ka litsela tse tobileng ho latela mehato eo marang-rang ae tšehetsang. Mokhoa ona o sebetsana hantle le thekenoloji ea mekhoa ea kajeno ea mekhoa e mengata kaha tsena kaofela li sebetsana le boitsebiso ka mokhoa oa bits le kates (digital '1' le '0s').
Tsamaiso e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea marang-rang e hlalosa melao ea hore na lipakete tsa eona tsa data li lokela ho hlophisoa joang (e hlophisitsoeng). Hobane liprotocols tse kang Internet Protocol li atisa ho sebetsa hammoho ka likarolo, boitsebiso bo bong bo kenngoa ka har'a pakete e hlophisitsoeng bakeng sa protocol e le nngwe e ka ba ka mokhoa oa protocol e meng e amanang le eona (mokhoa o bitsoang encapsulation ).
Li-protocols li arola pakete e 'ngoe le e' ngoe likarolong tse tharo - hlooho , moputso le leoto . (Melao-motheo e meng, joaloka IP, u se ke ua sebelisa maoto a maoto.) Lihlooho tsa lihlooho le likoloi li na le boitsebiso ba litaba bo hlokahalang ho tšehetsa marang-rang, ho kenyelletsa le liaterese tsa lisebelisoa tsa ho romela le ho amohela, ha mefaele ea payload e na le lintlha tsa sebele tse lokelang ho fetisoa. Lihlooho kapa maoto a maoto a atisa ho kenyelletsa dintlha tse khethehileng ho thusa ho ntlafatsa ho tšepahala le tshebetsong ya kgokahanyo ea marang-rang, joalo ka lipalo tse bolokang tlaleho ea litaelo tseo molaetsa o rometsoeng le li- checksums tse thusang mananeo a marang-rang ho fumana bobolu ba data kapa ho senya.
How Network Devices Sebelisa Melao-motheo
Mekhoa ea ts'ebetso ea lisebelisoa tsa marang-rang e kenyelletsa tšehetso e kene-keneng bakeng sa mehato e meng e tlase ea marang-rang. Mekhoa eohle ea kajeno ea lik'homphieutha ea lik'homphieutha e tšehetsa Ethernet le TCP / IP, ka mohlala, ha li-smartphone tse ngata li tšehetsa bluetooth le li-protocol ho tloha malapeng a Wi-Fi. Litsamaiso tsena li qetella li amana le marang-rang a marang-rang a sesebelisoa, joaloka li -port tsa Ethernet le li-radio tsa Wi-Fi kapa li-Bluetooth.
Mekhoa ea methapo, le eona, e tšehetsa litsamaiso tse phahameng tsa boemo bo buang le tsamaiso ea ho sebetsa. Ka mohlala, sebapali sa Websaete se khona ho fetolela liaterese tse kang http: // / ho lipakete tsa HTTP tse nang le boitsebiso bo hlokehang boo Websaete e ka e amohelang 'me e khutlisetsa leqephe le nepahetseng la Websaete. Sesebelisoa sa ho amohela se na le boikarabello ba ho bokella lipakete ka bomong molaetsa oa pele, ka ho tlosa lihlooho le lihlooho le lipakete tse lumellanang ka tatellano e nepahetseng.